Resumen Al considerar la importancia que actualmente tiene el compromiso social, se ha explorado la perspectiva de uno de los campos de aplicación dentro de las instituciones de educación superior. En este contexto, se examinó la situación actual de la Universidad Técnica de Machala respecto a responsabilidad social y consumo sostenible, desempeñando funciones relacionadas con la enseñanza e investigación. Se llevó a cabo una recopilación de datos que permitió elaborar una evaluación sobre las deficiencias de conocimiento en cuanto a responsabilidad social y cómo esto afecta al consumo responsable. Después, se evaluó el campus en términos de responsabilidad, administración del conocimiento social y participación comunitaria, revelando un nivel de conocimiento insatisfactorio. En cuanto a los asuntos de responsabilidad social y consumo sustentable, se observa una limitación en los resultados relacionados con la gestión y la participación. Sin embargo, la producción científica, junto con los programas y grupos de investigación, se enfocan principalmente en temas vinculados a la conservación del medio ambiente, el bienestar social y la innovación. A pesar de las carencias en el entendimiento de la responsabilidad social, los participantes mostraron una completa comprensión de los impactos ambientales resultantes del consumo sostenible.

Abstract When considering the importance that social commitment currently has, the perspective of one of the fields of application within higher education institutions has been explored. In this context, the current situation of the Technical University of Machala was examined regarding Social Responsibility and Sustainable Consumption, performing functions related to teaching and research. A data collection was carried out that made it possible to prepare an evaluation of the deficiencies in knowledge regarding Social Responsibility and how this affects responsible consumption. The campus was then evaluated in terms of accountability, social knowledge management, and community participation, revealing an unsatisfactory level of knowledge. Regarding the issues of social responsibility and sustainable consumption, a limitation is observed in the results related to management and participation. However, scientific production, along with research programs and groups, focus mainly on issues linked to environmental conservation, social well-being and innovation. Despite gaps in understanding of social responsibility, participants showed a complete understanding of the environmental impacts resulting from sustainable consumption.

Abstract This essay examines the contributions of the book La dirigencia política argentina. De la organización nacional al Centenario by Beatriz Bragoni, Eduardo Míguez and Gustavo Paz, which considers the Argentine political leaderships in a prosopographical methodological approach, taking into account the majority of the provinces and constitutes a novel contribution in this field of study. argentina Bragoni Paz approach study

Resumen El presente ensayo examina las contribuciones del libro La dirigencia política argentina. De la organización nacional al Centenario de Beatriz Bragoni, Eduardo Míguez y Gustavo Paz, que considera en un enfoque metodológico prosopográfico las dirigencias políticas argentinas tomando en cuenta la mayoría de las provincias y constituye un aporte novedoso en este campo de estudio. argentina Bragoni Paz estudio

ABSTRACT: Small-scale farmers are essential food suppliers, especially in developing countries, but they face many constraints that limit their productivity and returns. Associating with other farmers (for instance, through cooperatives) has been shown to be a strategy to mitigate these constraints; however, there are limitations in farmers’ participation and commitment to associations. This research explored small-scale farmers’ attitudes and perceptions of associations. This paper considered the district of Cauquenes, a rural area in central Chile. A total of 71 small-scale farmers were surveyed. The data were processed using descriptive, multivariate, and qualitative techniques. The results showed that the farmers had limited knowledge of and experience with associations. They also did not see participation in an association as necessary for improving their business outcomes. They were also reluctant to accept a possible loss in decision-making power or the possibility of being scammed or tricked. The factors underlying farmers’ attitudes toward associations were “Uncertainty of economic benefits” (23.3% of variance), “Technical-economic limitations perception” (15.2%), “Distrust” (10.8%), and “Individualism” (9.8%). These results suggested that policies are needed to improve farmers’ experience with and knowledge of associations, considering the cultural variables that affect distrust and focusing on existing uncertainties. The associative processes need to allow for progressive commitment, expedite tangible results, and provide continuous technical and motivational support.

RESUMO: Os pequenos agricultores são essenciais para o abastecimento de alimentos, especialmente nos países em desenvolvimento, mas enfrentam muitas restrições que limitam sua produtividade e retorno. A associação com outros agricultores (por exemplo, por cooperativas) tem se mostrado uma estratégia para mitigar essas deficiências, no entanto, há entraves na participação e comprometimento dos agricultores com as associações. O objetivo desta pesquisa é explorar as atitudes e percepções dos pequenos agricultores em relação às associações. Para isso, consideramos o caso do distrito de Cauquenes, uma área rural no centro do Chile, em que se entrevistou um total de 71 pequenos agricultores. Os dados foram processados por meio de técnicas descritivas, multivariadas e qualitativas. Como resultados, os agricultores têm um conhecimento e experiência limitados sobre as associações e, além disso, não entendem a relevância do vínculo social como uma alternativa para melhorar o seu desempenho. Por outro lado, relutam em uma possível perda de poder decisório, bem como em serem enganados. Os fatores subjacentes às atitudes dos agricultores em relação às associações foram “incerteza dos benefícios econômicos” (23,3%), “percepção de limitações técnico-econômicas” (15,2%), “desconfiança” (10,8%) e “individualismo” (9,8%). Esses resultados nos demonstram serem necessárias políticas que promovam o conhecimento direto, concreto e experiencial dos agricultores sobre o associativismo, com foco nas incertezas existentes. Os processos associativos devem estar atrelados a compromissos progressivos, com foco em resultados tangíveis e suporte contínuo, não apenas técnico, mas também motivacional.

ABSTRACT Background: For mandibular advancement containment, it is necessary to use an appliance that holds the jaw in the achieved position by active appliances and that its design does not provoke undesired dental movements. Objective: To describe the clinical and cephalometric changes of the Orthodontic Appliances after the Waveney treatment as an alternative in the mandibular advancement containment. Methodology: A descriptive observational cross-sectional research was conducted at the Dr. Justo Ortelio Pestana Lorenzo Provincial Teaching Stomatology Clinic orthodontic service in Sancti Spíritus province, from September 2019 to February 2022. 20 patients who started their containment stage in this period and fulfilled the inclusion criteria were selected. Empirical and statistical methods were used. The following variables were analyzed: age, sex, clinical morphological and cephalometric variables, as well as the containment result. Results: An average age of 15.6 was found; 65% of the schoolchildren were female. One year after the containment was started, the incisive overpass was maintained at 2.95 mm, the neutroclusion molar rate at 65%, SNB angle at 79°, the ANB angle at 2.80°, the upper incisor position 2.45 mm, the lower incisor position by 1.90 mm and the esthetic profile by 0.55 mm. There was only an average increase in the incisor protrusion value from 2.70 mm to 2.75 mm. Conclusions: One year after containment with the Waveney post-treatment Orthodontic Appliances was initiated no changes were observed in the studied variables, except for incisor protrusion with an increase in its average value.

RESUMEN Fundamento: Para la contención del avance mandibular es necesario utilizar un aparato que mantenga la mandíbula en la posición lograda por los aparatos activos y que su diseño no provoque movimientos dentarios indeseados. Objetivo: Describir los cambios clínicos y cefalométricos del aparato funcional postratamiento de Waveney como alternativa en la contención del avance mandibular. Metodología: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva observacional de corte transversal en el servicio Ortodoncia de la Clínica Estomatológica Docente Provincial Dr. Justo Ortelio Pestana Lorenzo de la provincia Sancti Spíritus, desde septiembre 2019 a febrero 2022. Se seleccionaron 20 pacientes que iniciaron su etapa de contención en este período y cumplieron los criterios de inclusión. Se utilizaron métodos del nivel empírico y estadístico. Se analizaron las variables: edad, sexo, variables morfológicas clínicas y cefalométricas, así como resultado de la contención. Resultados: Se constató una edad promedio de 15.6; el 65 % de los escolares pertenecían al sexo femenino. Al año de iniciada la contención se mantuvo el sobrepase incisivo en 2.95 mm, la relación molar de neutroclusión en el 65 %, ángulo SNB en 79°, el ángulo ANB en 2.80°, la posición del incisivo superior 2.45 mm, la posición del incisivo inferior en 1.90 mm y el perfil estético en 0.55 mm. Solo existió incremento en el valor promedio del resalte incisivo de 2.70 mm a 2.75 mm. Conclusiones: Al año de iniciada la contención con el aparato funcional postratamiento de Waveney no se observó modificación de las variables estudiadas, excepto el resalte incisivo con incremento de su valor promedio.

Abstract Given the scarcity of water resources for agricultural use, it is necessary to promote the use of wastewater for agriculture. The towns of Capulálpam de Méndez and Ixtlán de Juárez in the State of Oaxaca have anaerobic wastewater treatment plants (WWTP). The morphological growth, biomass production and N and P content were evaluated in two forage species -Chenopodium quinoa Willd and Zea mays- irrigated with treated wastewater (TWW). A complete randomized design (CRD) was established in each municipality, given the homogeneity of the soil, using a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement, i.e., two forage crops (Quinoa and corn) and two types of irrigation (fresh water and treated wastewater), with 4 replicates per treatment. Analyses of variance and Tukey mean tests (P≤0.05) were performed for the studied variables. In the soils, the pH level was "moderately acid" to "neutral" (5.1 to 7.3); the EC indicated "negligible effects of salinity"; organic matter was found at intervals of "medium to high", and the texture was sandy clay loam in Ixtlán and clay loam in Capulálpam. Growth variables (plant height, stem diameter, and number of leaves) and biomass were significantly higher in plants irrigated with treated wastewater in both forage crops. Nitrogen and phosphorus contents were significantly higher in quinoa and corn plants receiving TWW. TWW could be an alternative that would help reduce the use of chemical fertilizers, as it is an important source of nutrients in forage crops.

Resumen Ante la escasez del recurso hídrico para el uso agrícola, es necesario promover el uso del agua residual para la agricultura. En las localidades Capulálpam de Méndez e Ixtlán de Juárez, Estado de Oaxaca cuentan con plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales (PTAR) de tipo anaerobio. Se evaluó el crecimiento morfológico, producción de biomasa y contenido de N y P en dos especies forrajeras: Chenopodium quinoa Willd y Zea mays, regados con agua residual tratada (ART). Se estableció un diseño completo aleatorio (DCA) en cada municipio, dada la homogeneidad del suelo. Con arreglo factorial 2 x 2, esto es, dos cultivos forrajeros (Quinoa y maíz), y dos tipos de riego (agua dulce y agua residual tratada), con 4 repeticiones por tratamiento. Se realizaron análisis de varianza y pruebas de media Tukey (P≤0.05) de las variables estudiadas. En los suelos el nivel de pH fue “moderadamente acido” a “neutro” (5.1 a 7.3); la CE indicó “Efectos despreciables de la salinidad”; Materia orgánica en intervalos de “medio a alto”; y Textura Franco arcilloso arenoso en Ixtlán y Franco arcilloso en Capulálpam. Las variables de crecimiento (altura de planta, diámetro de tallo y número de hojas) y biomasa fueron significativamente mayores en plantas regadas con agua residual tratada en ambos cultivos forrajeros. El contenido de nitrógeno y fósforo fue significativamente mayor en plantas de quinoa y maíz que recibieron ART. El ART podría ser una alternativa que ayude a disminuir el uso de fertilizantes químicos, al ser una fuente importante de nutrimentos en los cultivos forrajeros.

Resumen La producción y consumo de tilapias (Cichlidae) es muy popular en el mundo, por lo que debe asegurarse la inocuidad de la carne producida ante el riesgo potencial de la transmisión zoonótica de parásitos; por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo fue realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre la prevalencia, distribución y hospederos que intervienen en el ciclo de vida de los helmintos trematodos que pueden transmitirse de manera zoonótica en el consumo de la tilapia. La revisión bibliográfica se llevó a cabo con seis motores de búsqueda especializada. Se analizaron 1,044 artículos, de los cuales 113 incluían datos epidemiológicos. La tilapia fue reportada como el hospedero intermediario de 15 especies de trematodos que afectan al humano, 6 parásitos se reportaron a nivel de género y 2 parásitos a nivel de familia. Los trematodos descritos pertenecen a las familias Heterophyidae y Opisthorchiidae. Las prevalencias reportadas oscilan de 1% en infecciones por Haplorchis pumilio y Centrocestus formosanus hasta 93.64% en infecciones multiparasitarias de Haplorchis yokogawi, Pygidiopsis genata y Phagicola ascolonga. Aunque la biodiversidad de helmintos documentados en la tilapia es abundante, aún es insuficiente la información disponible, situando a la tilapia como un transmisor potencial de estos helmintos en el humano.

Abstract The production and consumption of tilapia (Cichlidae) is very popular in the world, so the safety of the meat produced must be ensured given the potential risk of zoonotic transmission of parasites; For this reason, the objective of this work was to carry out a bibliographic review on the prevalence, distribution and hosts that intervene in the life cycle of trematode helminths that can be transmitted zoonotically in the consumption of tilapia. The bibliographic review was carried out with six specialized search engines. 1,044 articles were analyzed, of which 113 included epidemiological data. Tilapia was reported as the intermediate host of 15 species of trematodes that affect humans, 6 parasites were reported at the genus level and 2 parasites at the family level. The described flukes belong to the families Heterophyidae and Opisthorchiidae. Reported prevalences range from 1% in infections by Haplorchis pumilio and Centrocestus formosanus to 93.64% in multiparasitic infections by Haplorchis yokogawi, Pygidiopsis genata and Phagicola ascolonga. Although the biodiversity of documented helminths in tilapia is abundant, the available information is still insufficient, situating tilapia as a potential transmitter of these helminths in humans.

Resumen Introducción: El catéter venoso central es necesario en los cuidados pediátricos, sin embargo, es una causa importante de bacteriemia nosocomial con 25% de mortandad. El profesional de enfermería es responsable del mantenimiento del catéter venoso central con el propósito de evitar complicaciones locales y sistémicas como la endocarditis y la bacteriemia relacionadas al tratamiento endovenoso. Objetivo: Describir las intervenciones de enfermería para el mantenimiento del catéter venoso central en pacientes pediátricos de un hospital especializado. Metodología: Diseño observacional, descriptivo, transversal, muestra conformada por 85 profesionales de enfermería que otorgaron cuidados directos a niños hospitalizados y recibieron capacitación, muestreo no probabilístico, el instrumento utilizado fue una lista de verificación de mantenimiento del catéter venoso central. Se recolectaron datos con la técnica de observación. El estudio cumple con los aspectos éticos de la ley general de salud en materia de investigación. Resultados: Las intervenciones de enfermería se realizaron con un cumplimiento global de 90.1%, se enfatiza que 70.6% efectuaron lavado de manos antes de manipular el dispositivo. La limpieza y mantenimiento del sitio de inserción la realizaron 98.8%, desinfectaron puertos y conexiones, identificaron lúmenes 92.9%. Conclusión: Los profesionales de enfermería realizan las intervenciones para el mantenimiento del catéter venoso central con un cumplimiento bueno. Sin embargo, las intervenciones con menor cumplimiento que requieren mejora son la higiene de manos, los tiempos para cambios de equipo y soluciones, la desinfección de puertos y conexiones; esenciales para disminuir las infecciones del torrente sanguíneo. Además de estudios futuros acerca de los factores profesionales e institucionales asociados al cumplimiento.

Abstract Introduction: The central venous catheter is necessary in pediatric care; however, it is an important cause of nosocomial bacteremia, with 25% mortality. The nursing professional is responsible for the maintenance of the central venous catheter, in order to prevent local and systemic complications such as endocarditis and bacteremia related to intravenous treatment. Objective: To describe the nursing interventions for the maintenance of the central venous catheter in pediatric patients of a specialized hospital. Methodology: Observational, descriptive, cross-sectional design, sample made up of 85 nursing professionals who provided direct care to hospitalized children and received training, non-probabilistic sampling; the instrument used was a central venous catheter maintenance checklist, and data were collected with the observation technique. The survey complies with the ethical aspects of the general health law on research. Results: Nursing interventions were performed with an overall compliance of 90.1%; it is emphasized that 70.6% washed their hands before handling the device. Cleaning and maintenance of the insertion site was carried out by 98.8%, ports and connections were disinfected, and 92.9% lumens were identified. Conclusion: Nursing professionals performed interventions for the maintenance of the central venous catheter with a good compliance. However, the interventions with lower compliance that require improvement are hand hygiene, times for changing equipment and solutions, disinfection of ports and connections, which are essential to reduce infections in the bloodstream. In addition to future surveys about the professional and institutional factors associated with compliance.

Abstrato Introdução: O cateter venoso central é necessário no atendimento pediátrico, porém, é uma importante causa de bacteremia nosocomial, com mortalidade de 25%. O profissional de enfermagem é responsável pela manutenção do cateter venoso central para evitar complicações locais e sistêmicas como endocardite e bacteremia relacionadas ao tratamento intravenoso. Objetivo: Descrever as intervenções de enfermagem para manutenção do cateter venoso central em pacientes pediátricos de um hospital especializado. Metodologia: Delineamento observacional, descritivo, transversal, amostra composta por 85 profissionais de enfermagem que prestavam assistência direta à criança hospitalizada e receberam treinamento, amostragem não probabilística, o instrumento utilizado foi um checklist de manutenção de cateter venoso central e os dados foram coletados com o técnica de observação. O estudo atende aos aspectos éticos da lei geral de saúde em relação à pesquisa. Resultados: As intervenções de enfermagem foram realizadas com uma adesão global de 90,1%, destaca-se que 70,6% lavaram as mãos antes de manusear o aparelho. A limpeza e manutenção do sítio de inserção foi realizada por 98,8%, as portas e conexões foram desinfetadas, os lúmens foram identificados por 92,9%. Conclusões: Os profissionais de enfermagem realizam as intervenções para manutenção do cateter venoso central com boa adesão. No entanto, as intervenções com menor adesão que requerem melhoria são a higienização das mãos, tempos de troca de equipamentos e soluções, desinfecção de portas e conexões; essencial para reduzir as infecções da corrente sanguínea. Além de estudos futuros sobre os fatores profissionais e institucionais associados à adesão.

Abstract Natural spawning of the leopard grouper (Mycteroperca rosacea) was studied in captivity from 2004 to 2008 under natural photoperiod conditions. Fish spawned naturally in 2006, but only 90,000 unfertilized eggs were collected. A total of 43 and 27 spawning days were observed in 2007 and 2008, respectively. Spawning season began in March and lasted until May-June and was related to an increase in water temperature from 21.1 to 23.8 °C. The mean (SE) number of eggs released each day was 101,705 (13,876) in 2007 and 40,510 (7,874) in 2008, and the total number of eggs collected in 2007 and 2008 was 4.37 × 106and 1.07 × 106, respectively. The number of eggs collected per month was not significantly different within each year (P> 0.05), although a significant difference was observed between 2007 and 2008 (P< 0.05). The annual relative number of eggs released was 288,750 eggs·kg-1in 2007 and 72,919 eggs·kg-1in 2008, and viable egg production was 184,800 eggs kg-1in 2007 and 25,375 eggs kg-1in 2008. The fertilization rate (%) of the eggs collected daily differed significantly throughout the spawning season of 2007 (P< 0.05). The fertilization rate also differed (P< 0.05) between 2007 (61.10%) and 2008 (32.30%). Statistical analysis of the 2 consecutive spawning seasons indicated no correlation between the fertilization rate and fecundity. The effect of the moon phase on spawning was also considered. The fish spawned at dusk before total darkness. Mean (SD) egg diameter was 864.0 ± 22.0 µm.

Resumen Se estudió el desove natural de la cabrilla sardinera,Mycteroperca rosacea, en cautiverio, de 2004 a 2008 en condiciones naturales de luz y temperatura. Los peces desovaron naturalmente en 2006, pero solo se recolectaron 90,000 huevos no fertilizados. Se observó un total de 43 días de desove en 2007 y 27 días en 2008. La temporada de desove comenzó en marzo y se prolongó hasta mayo-junio, lo cual se relacionó con un aumento en la temperatura del agua de 21.1 a 23.8 °C. La media (error estándar) del número de huevos liberados diariamente fue de 101,705 (13,876) en 2007 y 40,510 (7,874) en 2008, y el número total de huevos recolectados fue de 4.37 × 106y 1.07 × 106, respectivamente. El número de huevos recolectados por mes no fue significativamente diferente dentro de cada año (P> 0.05), pero sí al comparar 2007 y 2008 (P< 0.05). La puesta relativa anual fue de 288,750 huevos·kg-1en 2007 y 72,919 huevos·kg-1en 2008, y la producción de huevos viables fue de 184,800 huevos·kg-1en 2007 y 25,375 huevos·kg-1en 2008. La tasa de fertilización (%) de los huevos recolectados diariamente fue significativamente diferente a lo largo de la temporada de desove de 2007 (P< 0.05). La tasa de fertilización también difirió significativamente (P< 0.05) entre 2007 (61.10%) y 2008 (32.30%). El análisis estadístico indicó que no hubo correlación entre la tasa de fertilización y el número de huevos liberados en ambas temporadas de desove. El efecto de la luna sobre el desove también se analiza en el documento. Durante todo el estudio, los peces desovaron al anochecer antes de la oscuridad total. El diámetro medio (± desviación estándar) del huevo fue de 864.0 ± 22.0 µm.

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the impact of delirium severity in critically ill COVID-19 patients and its association with outcomes. Methods: This prospective cohort study was performed in two tertiary intensive care units in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. COVID-19 patients were evaluated daily during the first 7 days of intensive care unit stay using the Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale, Confusion Assessment Method for Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) and Confusion Method Assessment for Intensive Care Unit-7 (CAM-ICU-7). Delirium severity was correlated with outcomes and one-year mortality. Results: Among the 277 COVID-19 patients included, delirium occurred in 101 (36.5%) during the first 7 days of intensive care unit stay, and it was associated with a higher length of intensive care unit stay in days (IQR 13 [7 - 25] versus 6 [4 - 12]; p < 0.001), higher hospital mortality (25.74% versus 5.11%; p < 0.001) and additional higher one-year mortality (5.3% versus 0.6%, p < 0.001). Delirium was classified by CAM-ICU-7 in terms of severity, and higher scores were associated with higher in-hospital mortality (17.86% versus 34.38% versus 38.46%, 95%CI, p value < 0.001). Severe delirium was associated with a higher risk of progression to coma (OR 7.1; 95%CI 1.9 - 31.0; p = 0.005) and to mechanical ventilation (OR 11.09; 95%CI 2.8 - 58.5; p = 0.002) in the multivariate analysis, adjusted by severity and frailty. Conclusion: In patients admitted with COVID-19 in the intensive care unit, delirium was an independent risk factor for the worst prognosis, including mortality. The delirium severity assessed by the CAM-ICU-7 during the first week in the intensive care unit was associated with poor outcomes, including progression to coma and to mechanical ventilation.

RESUMO Objetivo: Investigar como a gravidade do delirium afeta pacientes graves com COVID-19 e sua associação com os desfechos. Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectivo realizado em duas unidades de terapia intensiva terciárias no Rio de Janeiro (RJ). Os pacientes com COVID-19 foram avaliados diariamente durante os primeiros 7 dias de internação na unidade de terapia intensiva usando a escala de agitação e sedação de Richmond, a Confusion Assessment Method for Intensive Care Unit (CAM-ICU) e a Confusion Assessment Method for Intensive Care Unit-7 (CAM-ICU-7). A gravidade do delirium foi correlacionada com os desfechos e a mortalidade em 1 ano. Resultados: Entre os 277 pacientes com COVID-19 incluídos, o delirium ocorreu em 101 (36,5%) durante os primeiros 7 dias de internação na unidade de terapia intensiva e foi associado a maior tempo de internação na unidade de terapia intensiva em dias (IQ: 13 [7 - 25] versus 6 [4 - 12]; p < 0,001), maior mortalidade hospitalar (25,74% versus 5,11%; p < 0,001) e maior mortalidade em 1 ano (5,3% versus 0,6%, p < 0,001). O delirium foi classificado pela CAM-ICU-7 em termos de gravidade, e escores maiores foram associados à maior mortalidade hospitalar (17,86% versus 34,38% versus 38,46%, IC95%, valor de p < 0,001). O delirium grave foi associado a um risco maior de progressão ao coma (RC de 7,1; IC95% 1,9 - 31,0; p = 0,005) e à ventilação mecânica (RC de 11,09; IC95% 2,8 - 58,5; p = 0,002) na análise multivariada, ajustada por gravidade e fragilidade Conclusão: Em pacientes internados com COVID-19 na unidade de terapia intensiva, o delirium foi fator de risco independente para o pior prognóstico, incluindo mortalidade. A gravidade do delirium avaliada pela CAM-ICU-7 durante a primeira semana na unidade de terapia intensiva foi associada a desfechos desfavoráveis, incluindo a progressão ao coma e à ventilação mecânica.

Abstract Introduction: Ecdysteroids present unique qualities within the plant and animal kingdoms. Their similarity to endogenous mammalian steroids allows them to present biological activity on skeletal muscle tissue. However, this molecule’s action mechanism remains to be fully understood. Method: A narrative review was carried out using the most relevant scientific evidence. Different databases such as Medline, Google Scholar, Scielo and Wiley were consulted. Works were included or excluded according to the author´s criterium. Results: Ecdysteroids’ activity, mostly that of ecdysterone, might be due to the interaction with Mas receptor, a transmembrane G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR), and the subsequent indirect activation of β-Estrogen Receptor´s (β-ER) non-nuclear form. Said action mechanism induces the alternative pathway activation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), abolishing muscular degradation mechanism. Finally, through β-ER activation, the myostatin gene is supressed. This biological activity could provide ecdysteroids optimal pharmacological properties to prevent muscular protein degradation. These include tissue regeneration and repair. Conclusions: Due to its anticatabolic effects, Ec has shown great pharmacological properties that could make it work as an alternative treatment for degenerative muscle pathologies. Although investigations regarding Ec are still in progress, it has already been used by the sports’ industry and in several clinical trials that focus on the treatment of other diseases.

Resumen Introducción: Los ecdiesteroides presentan cualidades únicas dentro del reino vegetal y animal. Su similitud a esteroides endógenos de mamíferos les otorga actividad biológica sobre el tejido muscular esquelético. Sin embargo, su mecanismo de acción está por definirse en su totalidad. Método: Se realizó una revisión narrativa utilizando la evidencia científica más relevante. Se consultaron de las bases de datos Medline, Google Scholar, Scielo y Wiley, incluyéndose y excluyéndose trabajos acordes a los criterios del autor. Resultados: La actividad de los ecdiesteroides, principalmente de la Ecdisterona (Ec), podría deberse a la interacción con Mas, receptor acoplado a proteína-G transmembrana (GPCR), y la posterior activación del receptor de estrógenos β (ER β) no nuclear. Dicho mecanismo de acción induce la activación de la ruta alternativa del Sistema Renina-Angiotensina-Aldosterona (RAA) aboliendo los mecanismos de degradación muscular y, mediante la activación indirecta de Erβ, se suprime la expresión del gen de la miostatina. Esta actividad biológica pudiera conferir a los ecdiesteroides propiedades farmacológicas óptimas para impedir la degradación proteico-muscular, tales como la regeneración y reparación del tejido. Conclusiones: Ec ha demostrado poseer propiedades farmacológicas interesantes para el abordaje alternativo de patologías musculodegenerativas por sus efectos anticatabólicos. Aunque prosigue la investigación para su implementación en la clínica, esta siendo utilizada en la industria deportiva y en ensayos para el tratamiento de diferentes patologías.

Resumen En este trabajo se resumen los resultados de investigaciones en ciencias cognitivas, educación de las ciencias y didácticas disciplinarias específicas sobre el razonamiento humano que proporcionan información relevante para el aprendizaje de la química, y se resaltan sus implicaciones para el currículum, la enseñanza y la evaluación en la disciplina. En el ensayo se describen y analizan diversas perspectivas cognitivas sobre la naturaleza del conocimiento de los estudiantes y su impacto sobre el razonamiento y el aprendizaje.

Abstract This work summarizes the results of research in cognitive science, science education, and disciplinebased education on human reasoning that provide relevant information for chemistry education, with implications for curriculum, instruction, and assessment in the discipline. This essay describes and analyzes various cognitive perspectives on the nature of student knowledge and its impact on thinking and learning.

Abstract The dwindling supply of fossil fuels and their detrimental environmental effects are propelling humanity towards exploring renewable and sustainable energy alternatives. This study seeks to dimension an independent system for electrical energy generation using photovoltaic panels in rural residences of the Cañar province, situated in southern Ecuador. The research, conducted through a quantitative analysis, primarily targets areas where public utilities struggle to provide electricity or where the economic viability of network expansion projects is questionable. Focusing on a socially-oriented dwelling with a daily energy consumption of 9,444 Wh/day, the study calculates the required quantity of photovoltaic panels, charge controller, inverter, and batteries necessary to meet the household’s energy demands. Agricultural production areas served as the foundation for this study. The findings indicate that a configuration of 9 photovoltaic panels with a rating of 375W each, accompanied by a 48V charge controller, a 48V inverter, and 12 batteries, proved sufficient to cover 120% of the daily demand of 9.44 kWh/day.

Resumen La escasez de combustibles fósiles y su impacto negativo en el medio ambiente están impulsando a la humanidad a buscar alternativas de combustibles renovables y sostenibles. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo dimensionar un sistema autónomo de generación de energía eléctrica a través de paneles fotovoltaicos para viviendas rurales en la provincia de Cañar, ubicada al Sur de Ecuador, a través de un estudio cuantitativo. Se centra en áreas donde las empresas públicas no pueden suministrar electricidad o donde los proyectos de expansión de redes no son económicamente viables. Se analiza una vivienda de tipo social con un consumo diario de 9.444Wh/día. Se calcula la cantidad de paneles fotovoltaicos, el controlador de carga, el inversor y la cantidad de baterías necesarias para abastecer la vivienda. Se tomaron como base para el estudio las viviendas ubicadas en áreas de producción agrícola. Se determinó que un total de 9 paneles fotovoltaicos de 375W, 1 controlador de carga de 48v, 1 inversor de 48v y 12 baterías eran suficientes para cubrir el 120% de la demanda de 9.44Kwh/día.

Abstract A study was conducted to identify peasant survival strategies with a systemic approach in the Chugchilán parish, Cotopaxi province, in areas at 3,000 meters above sea level. The results addressed five different zones according to their particular topography, soil types and climate; those zones are: cold peaks, low slopes of the Quilotoa volcano, high and low slopes of the western mountain range and the Toachi river basin. The strategies implemented by the farmers to cope with their vulnerability were: itinerant migration to the city to sell their labor force, agricultural production for sale (60%) and self-consumption (40%), and the use of traditional crops such as chocho (Lupinus mutabilis) for sale in the market. Other non-agricultural sources of income were also reported, such as construction, handicrafts and services related to rural tourism. Farmers' socioeconomic conditions may improve or worsen depending on the agroecosystem conditions where they are located.

Resumen Se realizó un estudio para identificar las estrategias de sobrevivencia campesina con enfoque sistémico en la parroquia Chugchilán, provincia de Cotopaxi, en áreas a 3.000 m.s.n.m. Los resultados abordaron cinco zonas diferentes de acuerdo a su particular topografía, tipos de suelo y clima; las zonas son: cumbres frías, faldas bajas del volcán Quilotoa, laderas altas y bajas de la cordillera occidental y la cuenca del río Toachi. Las estrategias implementadas por los campesinos para hacer frente a su vulnerabilidad fueron: migración itinerante a la ciudad para vender su fuerza de trabajo, producción agrícola para la venta (60%) y el autoconsumo (40%), y el uso de cultivos tradicionales como el chocho (Lupinus mutabilis) para la venta en el mercado. Se reportaron también otras fuentes de ingresos no agrícolas como la construcción, la artesanía y los servicios relacionados con el turismo rural. Las condiciones socioeconómicas de los agricultores pueden mejorar o empeorar dependiendo de las condiciones del agroecosistema donde se encuentren.

ABSTRACT Objective: We aimed to describe the main demographic, clinical, laboratory and therapeutic characteristics and to identify whether they are associated with mortality in tracheostomized patients. Material and methods. Retrospective cohort study in adult patients diagnosed with COVID-19, admitted to ICU (Intensive Care Unit) and requiring tracheostomy. Demographic, clinical, laboratory and treatment data were obtained from the medical records of patients admitted to Hospital III Daniel Alcides Carrión in Tacna. The Cox proportional hazards model was used for survival analysis and hazard ratios (HR) with their 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated. Results. We evaluated 73 patients, 72.6% were men, the most common comorbidities were obesity (68.5%), type 2 diabetes mellitus (35.6%), and arterial hypertension (34.2%). Thirty-seven percent of the participants died during their stay at the ICU. The median time from intubation to tracheostomy and the duration of tracheostomy was 17 (RIC: 15-21) and 21 (RIC: 3-39) days, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that the factors associated with mortality were procalcitonin > 0.50 ng/dL at the time of tracheostomy (HRa: 2.40 95%CI: 1.03-5.59) and a PaO2/FiO2 ratio less than or equal to 150 mmHg (HRa: 4.44 95%CI: 1.56-12.60). Conclusions. The factors associated with mortality at the time of tracheostomy were procalcitonin > 0.50 ng/dL and a PaO2/FiO2 ratio less than or equal to 150 mmHg.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Describir las principales características demográficas, clínicas, laboratoriales y terapéuticas e identificar si están asociados con la mortalidad en pacientes traqueostomizados. Material y métodos. Estudio de cohorte retrospectiva en pacientes adultos con diagnóstico de COVID-19, ingresados a UCI (Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos) y que requirieron traqueostomía. Se extrajeron datos demográficos, clínicos, laboratoriales y de tratamiento de las historias clínicas de pacientes que ingresaron al Hospital III Daniel Alcides Carrión de Tacna. Para el análisis de supervivencia se empleó el modelo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox y se calcularon los cocientes de riesgo instantáneos (HR) con sus intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC95%). Resultados. Se evaluaron 73 pacientes, el 72,6% eran hombres, las comorbilidades más comunes fueron obesidad (68,5%), diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (35,6%) e hipertensión arterial (34,2%). El 37% de los participantes fallecieron durante la estancia en UCI. La mediana de tiempo desde la intubación hasta la traqueostomía y la duración de esta fue 17 (RIC: 15−21) y 21 (RIC: 3−39) días, respectivamente. El análisis multivariado mostró que los factores asociados a mortalidad, fueron presentar un valor de procalcitonina > 0,50 ng/dL en el momento de la traqueostomía (HRa: 2,40 IC95%: 1,03−5,59) y el nivel de PaO2/FiO2 menor o igual a 150 mmHg, (HRa: 4,44 IC95%: 1,56−12,60). Conclusiones. Los factores asociados a mortalidad al momento de realizar la traqueostomía fueron presentar un valor de procalcitonina > 0,50 ng/dL y un cociente PaO2/FiO2 menor o igual a 150 mmHg.

ABSTRACT Objective: We aimed to describe the main demographic, clinical, laboratory and therapeutic characteristics and to identify whether they are associated with mortality in tracheostomized patients. Material and methods. Retrospective cohort study in adult patients diagnosed with COVID-19, admitted to ICU (Intensive Care Unit) and requiring tracheostomy. Demographic, clinical, laboratory and treatment data were obtained from the medical records of patients admitted to Hospital III Daniel Alcides Carrión in Tacna. The Cox proportional hazards model was used for survival analysis and hazard ratios (HR) with their 95% confidence intervals (95%CI) were calculated. Results. We evaluated 73 patients, 72.6% were men, the most common comorbidities were obesity (68.5%), type 2 diabetes mellitus (35.6%), and arterial hypertension (34.2%). Thirty-seven percent of the participants died during their stay at the ICU. The median time from intubation to tracheostomy and the duration of tracheostomy was 17 (RIC: 15-21) and 21 (RIC: 3-39) days, respectively. Multivariate analysis showed that the factors associated with mortality were procalcitonin > 0.50 ng/dL at the time of tracheostomy (HRa: 2.40 95%CI: 1.03-5.59) and a PaO2/FiO2 ratio less than or equal to 150 mmHg (HRa: 4.44 95%CI: 1.56-12.60). Conclusions. The factors associated with mortality at the time of tracheostomy were procalcitonin > 0.50 ng/dL and a PaO2/FiO2 ratio less than or equal to 150 mmHg.

RESUMEN Objetivo. Describir las principales características demográficas, clínicas, laboratoriales y terapéuticas e identificar si están asociados con la mortalidad en pacientes traqueostomizados. Material y métodos. Estudio de cohorte retrospectiva en pacientes adultos con diagnóstico de COVID-19, ingresados a UCI (Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos) y que requirieron traqueostomía. Se extrajeron datos demográficos, clínicos, laboratoriales y de tratamiento de las historias clínicas de pacientes que ingresaron al Hospital III Daniel Alcides Carrión de Tacna. Para el análisis de supervivencia se empleó el modelo de riesgos proporcionales de Cox y se calcularon los cocientes de riesgo instantáneos (HR) con sus intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC95%). Resultados. Se evaluaron 73 pacientes, el 72,6% eran hombres, las comorbilidades más comunes fueron obesidad (68,5%), diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (35,6%) e hipertensión arterial (34,2%). El 37% de los participantes fallecieron durante la estancia en UCI. La mediana de tiempo desde la intubación hasta la traqueostomía y la duración de esta fue 17 (RIC: 15−21) y 21 (RIC: 3−39) días, respectivamente. El análisis multivariado mostró que los factores asociados a mortalidad, fueron presentar un valor de procalcitonina > 0,50 ng/dL en el momento de la traqueostomía (HRa: 2,40 IC95%: 1,03−5,59) y el nivel de PaO2/FiO2 menor o igual a 150 mmHg, (HRa: 4,44 IC95%: 1,56−12,60). Conclusiones. Los factores asociados a mortalidad al momento de realizar la traqueostomía fueron presentar un valor de procalcitonina > 0,50 ng/dL y un cociente PaO2/FiO2 menor o igual a 150 mmHg.